نشریه آینده پژوهی مدیریت
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 85، تابستان 1389)

Universities have interrelated and complicated roles nowadays. Hence, their quantitative growth could not definitely be effective without consideration of scientific process changes as well as quality standards satisfaction. The study is trying to develop an appropriate model for Iran's higher education to enhance the reliance assessment factor. Our country's universities must focus on the creation of a modern assessment system, which could have lawful and legitimate scientific activities. The universities must not only develop the quantitative aspect of higher education training system, but also they must maintain the dynamic higher education system as a lawful tool, thus, there is a need to develop advance and utilize the quality of Iran's higher education assessment system. The data collection study system is descriptive -survey. Two data questionnaires have been analyzed. The statistical community of the first questionnaire includes the university faculties who are teaching at the universities. It includes 18 types of recognized higher education assessment systems of the world higher education, the concerned questionnaires were distributed among the theoreticians. And the obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software, consequently, 360° assessment system was specified based on 4,97 out of 5 scales For Iran's higher education assessment system. According to the obtained data and written information of the first questionnaire, we composed an appropriate 360° assessment evaluation system, and it was distributed among 384 people, 73 chancellors, 58 training assistants, 153 faculties, and 100 higher education specialists. The model consisted of building blocks of philosophy and objectives (90%), fundamentals of theory (76%), executive stages (100%) both anew engineering and assessment system (92%). Generally, 93 %out of 100% approved Iran's final higher education assessment system.

Abstract In this study, the qualitative characteristics of financial reporting were used for evaluating earning quality. We examined 91 firms accepted in Tehran stock Exchange 1999-2007 periods. According conceptual frame works in Iran, the primary determinants of accounting information quality are relevance and reliability, and these two dimensions make accounting information useful decision making. In this study we develop a measure of earning quality that encompasses various components of both dimensions of earnings quality, reliability and relevance. Then, the firms with factor analysis, was classified, and firms with high and low earning quality was segregated. Finally, ohlson’s price- earning regression for test hypotheses was applied. The results show that earning response coefficient and explanatory power of earnings are not significantly higher in portfolios of firms with high quality earnings compared to firms with low quality earnings. The result shows that users, in general, prefer the reliability to the relevance dimension. Finally we show that the earnings quality does not reflect decision usefulness to users.

One of most discussion in marketing & consumer behavior, is an important subject, is choice & selection of product & buying behavior. Behavioral scientists make an effort to create in behavior models. In this research, it is inspected that variables like time available, money available, shopping enjoyment, & impulse buying tendency as latent variables (independent). The influence positive affect, negative affect, in- store browsing. These variables influence to urge to buy impulsivity & at last this variable influence to impulse buying. It is designed a questionnaire with 58 qustions & compute reliability in 2 stage. Because it needs to change some sentences. It is asked from 496 customers in 20 shopping mall in Tehran, & used spss 16 & lisrel 8.3 to analysis data. In first phase of analysis, it is used to conformity factor analysis in respect to confirm the relations between variables, then it is used with common factor analysis to reduce questions, & next phase, & it is used to exploratory factor analysis to explorer of new relations between variables. If it is compared that between result from Beatty & Ferrell (1998) & result from this research, it is notice that although this model is respectable, but some relation is not similar to previous researches articles. One of these relation that is significant, is between impulse buying tendency & impulse buying. On the other h&, one of them is significant, but effect is reverse. It is established questioneree & a model that suitable for impulse buying in Tehran- Iran.

The method of data envelopment analysis (DEA) is based of programming for efficiency estimation. This method with resolving mathematical models for the set of decision making units (DMUs) via actual inputs and outputs data estimates cost and production functions as a fragment envelope without assumptive determination of production function form. In DEA, DMUs separate to two efficient and inefficient groups. In the basic DEA models, inefficient DMUs merely are ranked but efficient DMUs are not. In the other hand, in this case all efficient DMUs have efficiency equal to number one. Thus, there is not possible for making priority within these DMUs. On the base of used algorithm in this research a DMU has defined as dummy optimal and in the last phase of the algorithm, after resolving the model of dummy optimal DMU's efficiency number will be equal to one, then the valu of objective function for other DMUs, that concerning dummy optimal DMU have evaluated, will be less than one. In this manner efficient DMUs will be ranked too.

The question of why some service organization are able to achieve superior performance continues to attention from both academics and practitioners. There are two key aspects to this question : 1- what are the sources of advantages that are important in achieving superior performance in service organizations 2- and how are these sources of advantages converted into superior performance. In the service context, organizational culture and vision are particularly important. However, three market-related sources of advantages which marketing literature has largely focused on, are market orientation, branding and innovation. Market orientation can be defined as a strategy used to reach a sustainable competitive advantage based on the generation and use of information within organization, and on the selection of markets to be satisfied. In this framework, we believe that competitive advantages results from the use market orientation philosophy in an organization. Sustainability is achieved because the performance of the market orientations’ behaviours requires complex organizational knowledge that cannot easily be imitated by competitors. Market orientation in an insurance industry is a business culture that is geared to providing ongoing superior products and services to the customers in that industry. The current work aims to analyze the effects of relationship and service – quality orientation and loyalty on market and economic performance and their mediating role in the relationship between market orientation and economic performance . In order to test the hypotheses proposed, an empirical analysis for insurance company was conducted. Therefore, the behavioural pattern of a sample population of Parsian insurance’s agents in Iran, and in relation to factors influencing the extent of economic performance, were considered, so to correlate the effect of each variable factor with the outcome. Within the context, both exploratory and practical research methodologies were utilized to arrive at conclusive data that in alliance with the structural equation model to effectively attest a meaningful correlation between the outline influential factors and the real extent of the effect of market orientation on economic performance . This work integrates market orientation philosophy with relationship marketing and service quality and loyalty as related drivers of the forms performance.

Among the recent theories and approaches to management, the theory of learning organization is considered by most of the scholars to be the most competitive one and so a necessity of the information age. It has been made clear by studies that the most important factor in building a learning organization, is the learning process managed systematic and purposeful. Accordingly in this search, theories of organizational learning and learning organization, measuring learning process, recognizing obstacles of learning, and models of creating learning organization have been discussed. In addition efforts have been made to survey the learning processes in the research sample, Iran Tractor Manufacturing Company. To this end, the degree of trust in learning organization among top managers has been estimated by a questionnaire which is designed based on five principles of senge organizational learning. Learning processes in individual, group and organizational dimensions from the viewpoint of middle and operational managers and line and staff workers have also been measured and evaluated based on benchmarked questionnaire of wathkins and marsik. Both descriptive statistics based on the mean scores and calculation of mode, and inferential statistics proportional to the measurement scales of variables have been used for analysis the findings. Research findings in Iran Tractor Manufacturing Company indicate that: this organization haven’t has optimum action in the way transformation into learning organization, because top managers do have little believe in learning organization. These results are in according to the believes of most scholars in theory of learning organization which argue that the first sign of emergence of organizational learning is the trust of the leaders in that. This research along with describing the model and modeling literature, has presentated a pattern of learning processes reengineering with emphasis on building a learning center and redesigning empowerment mechanisms training, knowledge, innovation and motivation systems. The aim is to develop process learning under leadership learning center, systematic and balanced in dimensions of individual, group and organization, for levels managers and employees, until Iran Tractor Manufacturing Company is directed in the way transformation to learning organization. The most important mission of learning center will be transformation top managers to learning leaders.

The following research is aiming to recognition the obstacles for empowering the human resources of the active bottom up non- governmental organization in Tehran city. The bottom up non- governmental organizations activity for ensuring needs groups of society with four strategic: focalization on culture building ideology, institution bulding ideology ,social legal structure ,compound strategic .of course the optimum strategic is compound strategic that three previous strategic similar three triangle rib and capacity building with goal of empowering is centre triangle. In the article ,reviewing non- governmental organizations operation and NGOs influence on the sustainable development . then considered empowering the human resources and influence for the purpose to quickly reach their goal and to remove the empowerment obstacles. for information gathering, distributed questionnaire in Statistical population performed in ones presence. Statistical population is managerial and amenable liable this organizations in the Tehran city. In the base of financial resources deficiences theory, unsuitable management method , unreadiness of target group and special deficienc is obstacles for empowering the human resources that formed four accessory hypothesizes and to experience with independent test (chi-square karl piersoun) and this liaised is verification. Finally in the base of analyzing data , the suitable method is recommend.

In the history of the food business, few things have been as surprising or in some cases as controversial as the rapid proliferation of so-called generic products. The present study, have been done in order to evaluate the effect of generics-Prone Purchaser Demographics and Pcychographic Characteristics on Generics Purchase’s Decision-Making. The present investigation of a relatively broad spectrum of variables in connection with generics should serve to enlarge our understanding of this market. This study considers five types of segmentation variables: demographics, requirements for price and quality, Requirements for brand, information seeking behavior, relevant behavioral characteristics. In addition to identify generic products Purchaser generally, generic purchase, have considered at three level (none, low, high), toward to demographics and psychographic characteristics. Requirement information have been gathered by Descriptive-Correlational research and cluster, simple Random sampling of 265 people at Shahrvand chain store and Tehran grand market by using of valid and reliable questionnaire. For testing hypothesis have been used of One-Sample T Test, Independent- Sample T Test, One-Way ANOVA and Univariate ANOVA, and have been analyzed through SPSS16 software. The findings shows that price proneness, quality proneness, less brand loyalty, private ( Vs.national) brand proneness, personal source usage, general change proneness, venturesomness, innovativeness and less perceived risk were determined to be positive influences on purchase of generics .On the other hand, label readership, electronic and print media usage and approval of advertising were determined to be reverse influences on “high” generic purchaser group and finally purchaser generics were characterized to be younger and married.

This paper represents a comparison between modified trainable neural network ensemble with other trainable and non-trainable ensembles. The historical data available in this case study are from kharg petrochemical company in Tehran stock exchange. This company is one of the biggest producers of petrochemicals, including methanol, in Iran and its stock price is very much dependent on world methanol price. Therefore Kharg stock price reflects its financial information more clearly than others with no products for global exportation. The reason of choosing Kharg is related to its large data history and high rate of stock free float1. The results show how a modified trainable neural network ensemble can overcome other trainable and non-trainable ensembles. This study also demonstrates how we can beat the market through our proposed model without the use of extensive market data or knowledge.

Combined Heat and power technologies are the most common methods in energy efficiency enhancement. Economic feasibility of such systems is complex because of uncertainties in input parameters. In this research Monte Carlo method has been used in investment risk analysis. Using electricity and energy price statistics of last years, their probability distributions were calculated and their correlations were surveyed. In this work two different strategies were applied. First strategy is based on current prices and the second is based on cost price and without subsidies. In both of them price difference exerted based on probability distributions that has been calculated using differential yearly prices of last years. Uncertainties of input parameters propagated end exerted through the model using Monte Carlo Method and the results were gotten in the form of payback period, NPV and IRR probability distributions. The result showed that economy of cogeneration plans will improve with increasing of energy prices. Also regular increasing in energy prices can guarantee financial gain of energy saving plans.

According to Modern Portfolio Theory , the total risk dividend into two types : uncontrollable risk ( systematic risk ) and controllable risk ( unsystematic risk ) . therefore , determining of systematic risk and comparing it with unsystematic risk can assist cement Co. managers & shareholders . In the reality word , shareholders decide about financial assets based of post modern portfolio theory (PMPT) , so comparing of different risks through undesirable risk creates realler results. So, in this research , In the first process , is done the quantitative evaluation of cement risks with the financial approach and in the result of it cleared that in the research time territory , the undesirable risk of the cement co. portfolio, in every years, was more than the risk of the market co. portfolio and also recognized that unsystematic risk of the cement companies is more than their systematic risk . So , the most of the risk that affecting the cement co. returns is rise of the internal factors , such as : the company management or cement industry and the external factors , such as : market factor has had the low affect on the risk of the cement co. portfolio returns and the reason of it is that the all governments is accepted the cement supply in every conditions and so , the cement industrial is not effected of environmental changes . In the second process , is done the qualitative evaluation (identifying & rating) of Cement risks with the marketing approach . For identifying and rating the existing risks in the cement industrial through the questionary and opinion assessment , is analyzed replies and the below results is obtained : The change in foreign exchange , inflation , governmental annoyer regulations , no foreign investment , natural unexpected events , political occurrences are effective in systematic risk in cement companies and determined that The cheapness of the cement sale price & the governmental control on prices , the lack of the skill workers , the lack of sufficient liquidity , the lack of innovation and competition , the hard to return of projects and the same pricing for the same cement formula with different qualities , unstability in issuance of cement exporting licences , unsafe activity of broker network in cement distributions , weariness of equipments & installations , using of present valence in minimum of scale , the cement smuggle and the cement import are effective in unsystematic risk of cement companies . also , The cheapness of the cement sale price & the governmental control on prices , the lack of the skill workers , the lack of sufficient liquidity , the lack of innovation and competition , the hard to return of projects and so on , are the most serious factors in increasing risk in cement corporations . Also, privatising and private management , foreign investment , private management with government supervision and export , are the most serious factors in decreasing risk in cement corporations .